Systematic Index

merely in political or earthly business 1841, 2190; and it recognizes the power of a civil ruler, even a sinner 595, 597, 656. The Church has the right to possess independently of the State 495, 596, 685; it is rightly endowed by secular rulers 619. In a conflict of laws the Church is to be obeyed, not the state 1742, 1841 f., 1850, 1936b.

National churches independent of the Pope are not to be tolerated 1324, 1737.

The Church is not to be separated from the State 1615, 1688, 1755, 1867, 1995, 2092 f., but a way of concord is to be entered upon 1866, 1870, 2205.

The Church recognizes the State and its laws 1841, 1855 ff., 1866 ff., 1933 ff. The State cannot govern without concern for religion, and that the Catholic religion 1689; nor can it proclaim freedom of conscience and worship 1690 (saving the necessary tolerance of worships 1874); nor the right of openly manifesting any sort of concept 1690, or substitute the force of fact for the notion of true law 1691, 1759; nor persecute religious families 1692, or take away the permission to collect alms 1693, or permit servile work on certain days 1693. The State is not the source of all law 1739; nor does it have an indirect negative power in sacred things (so called, exequatur, appellatio ab abusu) 1741, 1866; nor the prevailing right in a conflict 1742, nor the right to rescind a concordat 1743.

II k To Sciences: The Church has authority over philosophers and philosophy 1682, 1710, even in things not yet expressly defined 1683 f.; for which reason it should not tolerate philosophic errors 1674 ff., 1711 f.; errors in faith cannot be legitimate scientific conclusions 1797 f., 1947; the Church does not restrain sciences from their proper methods 1681, 1799, nor does it condemn scientific studies 609, 1878 f., 2057.

II l To Culture: The Church is of benefit to human culture 609, 1740, 1799, 1878 f., 1936, 2205 f.; its teachings are not hostile to the good and benefit of human society 1634, 1740; nor does it impede the free progress of science 1679, 1712 f. (not even through the scholastic method 1680, 1713); it ought not be reconciled with liberalism and politics 1780; it is not an obstacle to true freedom 1873, 1876 f., 1932, 1936; it can in disciplinary matters accommodate itself to the various conditions of the times 1931, 1968, without however omitting or weakening any sections of doctrine 1800, 1967, 2065.

THE ROMAN PONTIFF

SAINT PETER, PRINCE OF THE APOSTLES

III a Christ promised and gave to blessed Peter the primacy of jurisdiction over the universal Church 163, 466, 570c, 1821 ff.; hence Peter is the prince of the Apostles 351, 466, 496, 570c, 655, 694, 1823 f., and greater than St. Paul 1091, 2147a; he is the Vicar of Christ 496, 673, the foundation of the Church 351, 1821, 1824, 1976, 2145, and head 633, and visible principle of unity 247, 1821, 1960 f.; "from whom the episcopacy and all authority have emerged" 100. Peter was aware of his own primacy 2055.

Peter has successors 468 f., 570d, 766, and these are perpetual by divine right 1824 f.; which succession is found in the episcopacy of the City of Rome 570a ff., 1824, C218.

Three seats of St. Peter are shown 163. He himself founded the Roman Church 1824, and together with Paul was given over by Nero to be killed 163.

THE ROMAN PONTIFF SUCCESSOR TO ST. PETER

The Primacy of Jurisdiction

III b The Existence of Primacy: The Roman Pontiff holds (and always has held)